RAISING DAY OLD CHICKS TO GROWERS

■Day 1-day 7
- The chicks need to be in a brooder.
What is a Brooder?
- a brooder is a simple construction that is used to raise chicks until a point they are not so vulnerable.
- brooders maybe small rooms, wood construction, brooder boxes etc.
- chicks should stay in a brooder for at least 3 weeks - 4 weeks

●How to make a good brooder!
- make sure the brooder is not cold. ( provide source of heat ie. 100,watts Bulb, hot water bottles, brooder pots, etc)
- consider constructing brooders that's not too big and not too small.
-clean and disinfect the brooder before receiving chicks
- provide enough drinkers and enough feeders
- make sure the brooder is free from insects, rodents and mature chicken.
- provide dry dusting materials (saw dust or rice husks).

■Feeding chicks between day 1-day 7
- the best feed at this age is starter (crumbs or mash). - starter crumbs
- fugo starter mash
- pembe starter mash
- at this age avoid mixing of the feed with jenga, omena, pellets etc. You can mix starter crumbs and starter mash at a proportional ration.
- Avoid feeding broiler starter crumbs for chicks that are not broilers.

●Drugs .
- chick formula (egocin,veta chick start, poltricin, vitamet chick etc, dosage (one teaspoon for 5lts, ½teaspoon for 2 litres and ¼teaspoon for one litre)
- aliseryl (this is a blend of various vitamins that will help your chicks grow fast with strength and energy. Also helps chicks boost the appetite and also helps in preventing numerous diseases). Dosage same as chick formula
- liquid paraffin- this is not the normal paraffin we use at homes. This is a medicated paraffin that helps relieve constipation, helps in digestion, prevents injuries to alimentary canal and helps chicks to pass soft droppings.
- so week one give a combinations of chick formula, aliseryl and liquid paraffin

■Give Newcastle at day 7_
Day 8- day 14
■Feeds
-Same as previous week
-
●Drugs
-continue with chick formula
- use coccidiostat (biosol, coccid, vetatrim, biotrim etc) in place of aliseryl. This will help to prevent coccidiocis.
- drop liquid paraffin
so, second week you give a combination of coccid+chick formula
-give gumboro vaccine at day 14
■Day 15- day 21
- feed as previous week
●Drugs
- combination of vitamin and antibiotics ( aliseryl, neoxy vitamin, miramed, agranyl etc)
- repeat Newcastle vaccine
■Day 22- day 28
●Feed .
Start introducing chick mash. (Mixing chick mash with starter )
- incase you started with crumbs, continue giving crumbs until they are 7 weeks old.
●Drugs
- give coccidiostat
- repeat gumboro at day 28.
■Week 5.
Here the chicks are old enough and can survive out of the brooder.
●Feeds
- chick mash/ chick crumbs( or mixture of mash and crumbs)
●Drugs
- vitamins.
■Week 6
Feeds- as in week 5
Drugs, coccidiostat and strexia
●Vaccinate fowl pox._
■Week 7
●Feeds
- gradually introduce growers( mix chick mash and growers)
- drugs - feed suppliments ie molar plus, vigosine or tonophos.
■Week 8
Feeds, growers mash( you can mix with pellets, omena, jenga etc)
10 kgs of growers (mixed rations)
.- 6kgs growers mash
- 1kg jenga
- 1kg omena
-1 kg pellets
- 1/2 kg ngano
-¼kg sunflower
-¼kg cotton
●Drugs
-vitamins and antibiotics
-vaccinate fowl typhoid.

Follow up Abdulrafeeh Abdulkareem

#broiler #feed #feeding #chicken #farming #farmlife #farmer #farm #farmersmarket #Agriculture #Agricultural #agriculturelife #agri #pullet

Whenever thinking of poultry farming, Seven things you must need to know:

1. Market research

It is very important to critically look at the demand that needs to be met. Is there high demand for table eggs, out grower chicken or broiler meat? Most start-up farmers go by what a friend or relative or neighbouring farmer is doing and hope to reap the benefits.

It is important that you take your time to talk to clients or potential customers and listen to them. Do a survey on restaurants, hotels, open air or takeaway eateries, supermarkets and delis and collect as much data as possible.

Ask questions about seasonal trends of products that you intend to bring into the market. Sometimes your assumptions may not match your survey results or outcome, so be ready to change your original plans and make new decisions.

2. Farm location

A poultry farm can be located on any dry land anywhere in the country as it is not dependent on any weather patterns. However, the ideal location would be outskirts of urban or peri-urban cities where there is ready market for both meat and eggs. Construct your farm where there is access to all weather road, away from riparian land that experience occasional flooding and landslide.

3. Housing system

The most common housing system in this country is deep litter, where the entire floor is covered by wood shaving and the other equipment like nest boxes, feeders and drinkers are centrally located. It is best suited for all types of birds and conforms to animal welfare requirement.

The free-range type is common for Sasso chicken with a bit of housing at night and scavenging in an open enclosure. In organic farming, the chickens are most of the time on free range scavenging and are on restricted commercial feed with no use of antibiotics and any additive.

4. Demand for building

The most ideal house in this region must be open sided rectangular shaped structure, with roof made of iron sheet or locally available waterproof material. The long side of the house must be on an East-west orientation to reduce direct sunlight on the chicks.

Side walls should be 2-3 feet high made of bricks, iron sheet or block and the rest covered by wire mesh and chicken netting at 6-7 feet high. The floor could be concreted or compacted with red soil.

5. Choice of breed and supplier

If you want to keep commercial layers, choose type of breed which is hardy with low mortality rate, fast growth rates, high peak production, long peak period and good persistence (like Bovans brown). If it is for both meat and egg production, look for a breed of high feed conversion efficiency, and of good tasty and tender quality meat (like dual purpose Sasso).

6. Optimal health protection

Threats to your flock will include but not limited to protozoal and parasitic diseases, bacteria, yeast and mold and viral infections. You will need good rearing conditions that include proper brooding, temperature control, ventilation and humidity as well as quality water and adequate feed supply all the time.

Biosecurity is pivotal to your success; the premises must be highly sanitised within and around the site with limited flock visits to only authorised personnel. Vaccination schedule must be followed to the letter and must be chosen based on efficacy and administered professionally.

7. Record keeping

Anything that cannot be counted cannot be measured. Most farmers ignore the value of good record keeping. Feed being the highest production cost in poultry production, means that it must be weighed to the level of grammes fed/bird/day, and weight sampling must be done on weekly basis to establish production efficiency.

Sharing for you people to among the benefit .credit to the rightful owner.

For more Keep following Nicholas Pleysier
#agriculture #farming #poultryfarming
#southafrica #Zimbabwe #Zambia #Malawi #

Seven (7) poultry rules for your farm:

Do you have passion for poultry and really wish to stay long in the business? Then, obey these rules!

A.Rule (1)

..."Only order for birds you can conveniently take care of".
This is the most important rule of all.

Instead of stocking 500 birds and then struggle to feed them or give them medication, buy 200 ,feed and give them good medication.

Trust me, you'll make more profit than keeping 500 and struggling to feed and give the medication. If this happens, you'll battle with stunted growth, recurrent morbidity or disease outbreaks and high mortality.

B.Rule (2)

..."Never borrow money to start poultry business unless you are an expert".

Of course, there is no expert in poultry business. In fact, we learn everyday. Every stock you take in will always teach you something different. However, Haven learnt from all the different characteristics displayed by each stock, you get to know more and won't be excited when challenges come. You'll know how to handle them without much damage.

C.Rule (3)

..."Be vigilant".
The little things you don't take as anything matters.

If you want to succeed in poultry, you must take it as a real business. Do you know what a business man does every morning when he gets to his store? He pray, then open the store and go round to check if everything is in its place. He take stocks of what he met there and relate with his records yesterday before closing the store.

Don't just open your Pen and start rushing to give your birds feed and water and rush out again. Check around. Watch how they behave when you came in. Check what fell and what is no longer in its place.

D.Rule (4)

..."Never ignore warning signals".

Yes, I call them warning signals.

1.Bad smell
2.Withdrawal from feed
3.Moodiness
4.Withdrawal from water

There are numerous warning signals i can't mention here. In fact, they are so many

A farmer must know how his birds behaves !!

For more Keep following Nicholas Pleysier
#agriculture #poultryfarming #southafrica #Zambia #chickenfarming #Malawi #Zimbabwe #farming

Passion alone is not enough in agriculture please also pay attention to the following if you want to run a profitable agricultural venture! They're the reasons a lot of people fail in this venture

1. Ignoring the value of diversification in buyers – Relying on a single buyer can be risky; aim for a diverse customer base.

2. Underestimating startup costs – Ensure you have sufficient capital for equipment, breeding stock, seeds, land, and labour.

3. Overplanting/ overstocking without a market – Don’t grow more than you can sell or store.

4. Lack of irrigation planning – Proper water management is crucial for crop success.

5. Not tracking finances – Keep detailed records of income, expenses, and profitability.

6. Relying too much on one crop/ animals – Diversify crops and animals to spread risks and ensure steady income.

7. Neglecting marketing efforts – Growing crops is only half the battle; marketing them effectively is crucial.

8. Mismanaging equipment – Maintain equipment regularly to avoid costly breakdowns.

9. Rushing into large-scale farming – Start small to manage risks and gradually scale up as you gain experience.

10. Failing to secure contracts – Without agreements in place, you risk not having buyers for your produce.

11. Over-fertilizing – Too much fertilizer can damage crops and pollute the environment.

12. Underestimating the importance of record-keeping – Tracking weather, harvest times, and crop performance helps improve future yields.

13. Not networking with other farmers – Joining farming communities, cooperatives and events can offer valuable support and opportunities.

14. Mismanaging cash flow – Plan for periods of low income between planting and harvest.

15. Neglecting a business plan – Farming is a business and needs a solid plan for success.

16. Production of your own feeds - If you keep livestock irrespective of the type; goat, cattle, sheeps, poultry etc you must produce your feeds if not profitability will be hard!

During the rally, Gumi distributed irrigation equipment to empower youths to return to farming. He aims to promote agriculture and provide gainful employment for young people. This initiative is part of his efforts to address the economic challenges facing his constituents.

Fubara emphasized his administration’s resolve not to reverse the decision declaring the seats vacant, insisting that the lawmakers' actions would lead to their political decline. He outlined his administration’s focus on the 2025 budget, which prioritizes critical areas like education, healthcare, agriculture, and infrastructure development. He highlighted the need for robust public schools and healthcare systems, as well as infrastructure improvements, affirming his commitment to these sectors. Fubara's remarks have fueled discussions on the state’s political landscape, showcasing his dedication to the long-term development of Rivers State.

After singing a song with all my heart, cry with all my tears. After some years I came to learn that it's about agriculture....hhhhhhh!

Do you think agriculture will make a pace in the developmental growth of Nigeria

Food plays a vital role in our lives, providing numerous benefits beyond just sustenance. Here are some key importance of food:

*Physical Health:*

1. Energy source: Food fuels our bodies for growth, repair, and daily activities.
2. Nutrient supply: Essential vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients support overall well-being.
3. Disease prevention: Balanced diets help prevent chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.
4. Immune system support: Adequate nutrition boosts immunity, fighting off infections.

*Mental and Emotional Well-being:*

1. Mood regulation: Food influences serotonin levels, impacting mood and emotional stability.
2. Cognitive function: Proper nutrition enhances focus, concentration, and mental clarity.
3. Social bonding: Sharing meals strengthens relationships and fosters community.
4. Cultural identity: Traditional cuisine connects us to heritage and cultural roots.

*Social and Economic Significance:*

1. Economic growth: Food production and trade contribute significantly to global economies.
2. Social gatherings: Meals bring people together, promoting socialization and connection.
3. Cultural exchange: Food bridges cultural divides, facilitating understanding and appreciation.
4. Food security: Access to nutritious food ensures basic human rights and dignity.

*Environmental Impact:*

1. Sustainable agriculture: Responsible farming practices protect ecosystems and biodiversity.
2. Resource management: Food production affects water, land, and energy usage.
3. Waste reduction: Mindful consumption minimizes food waste and environmental harm.
4. Climate change mitigation: Food choices influence greenhouse gas emissions.

*Personal Enjoyment:*

1. Pleasure and satisfaction: Savoring flavors and textures enhances quality of life.
2. Creativity and exploration: Cooking and trying new foods stimulate curiosity.
3. Nostalgia and tradition: Favorite dishes evoke memories and emotional connections.
4. Self-care: Nourishing our bodies and souls through food choices.

In summary, food is essential for:

1. Physical and mental well-being
2. Social connection and cultural identity
3. Economic growth and environmental sustainability
4. Personal enjoyment and satisfaction

To structure your proposal effectively, here’s an outline that will help develop each chapter comprehensively. This outline will not only serve as your proposal but can also be expanded later to form Chapters 1 to 3 of your final project.


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Chapter 1: Introduction

1. Background of the Study

Describe the importance of agriculture, specifically cocoa production, in supporting livelihoods and economies.

Explain the issue of black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya, including its impact on cocoa yield, farmer income, and regional economies.

Discuss the current reliance on synthetic fungicides, the associated environmental impacts, and the need for sustainable alternatives.



2. Problem Statement

Clearly state the problem your study aims to address: the need for environmentally friendly and effective alternatives to synthetic fungicides in combating black pod disease.



3. Aim and Objectives of the Study

Aim: To evaluate the antifungal potential of Erythrophleum ivorense on the mycelial growth of Phytophthora megakarya.

Objectives:
a. Extract and prepare Erythrophleum ivorense bioactive compounds.
b. Assess the impact of these compounds on P. megakarya mycelial growth.
c. Compare the efficacy of E. ivorense extracts with that of conventional fungicides.



4. Research Questions

Examples could include:
a. What is the extent of the antifungal effect of Erythrophleum ivorense on P. megakarya?
b. How does the antifungal efficacy of Erythrophleum ivorense compare to synthetic fungicides?



5. Significance of the Study

Emphasize the potential environmental benefits, reduced dependence on synthetic fungicides, and improvement of farmer livelihoods if Erythrophleum ivorense proves effective.





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Chapter 2: Literature Review

1. Overview of Black Pod Disease and Phytophthora megakarya

Review the biology, spread, and impact of black pod disease, focusing on its role as a constraint in cocoa production.

Discuss the characteristics of Phytophthora megakarya and its mode of infection.



2. Current Control Methods

Examine conventional methods for managing black pod disease, particularly synthetic fungicides.

Discuss the limitations of synthetic fungicides, such as environmental impact, cost, potential for pathogen resistance, and effects on non-target organisms.



3. Plant-Based Antifungal Agents

Provide an overview of plant-based antifungal compounds as sustainable alternatives, noting key studies on antifungal plants.

Review past studies or documented antimicrobial/antifungal properties of Erythrophleum ivorense, focusing on its traditional uses and bioactive compounds.



4. Knowledge Gap

Highlight the limited research specifically on Erythrophleum ivorense against Phytophthora megakarya and the need for further exploration.





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Chapter 3: Materials and Methods

1. Study Design

Outline the experimental design, specifying an in vitro approach to assess antifungal efficacy.



2. Collection and Preparation of Erythrophleum ivorense Samples

Describe how you will collect plant materials (e.g., leaves, bark) from Erythrophleum ivorense.

Explain the extraction process to isolate antifungal compounds, including solvents and extraction techniques.



3. Culturing of Phytophthora megakarya

Detail the method for culturing P. megakarya in a lab setting, including preparation of growth media and incubation conditions.



4. Application of Erythrophleum ivorense Extracts

Describe how the extracts will be applied to the fungal cultures to test their effect on mycelial growth.

Include concentration gradients of extracts and controls for comparison.



5. Data Collection and Analysis

Explain the method for measuring mycelial growth inhibition.

Outline the statistical analyses to be conducted to compare antifungal effectiveness, such as ANOVA or t-tests.





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By following this structure, you can create a comprehensive proposal that introduces the topic, reviews relevant literature, and details the methodology for your study. This format will allow you to develop each chapter further as you gather data and insights from your research. Let me know if you'd like any additional guidance on expanding specific sections!